Iraq

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Iraq’s geography plays a critical role in shaping its environment and exposure to natural hazards. Situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, much of the country depends heavily on these waterways for agriculture and livelihoods. However, Iraq faces increasing challenges from water scarcity, with recurring droughts and extreme temperatures threatening food security and human health. In the south, reduced river flows and upstream damming have intensified saltwater intrusion from the Persian Gulf, degrading farmland and contaminating freshwater sources. Meanwhile, northern regions are prone to seasonal flooding, which can damage infrastructure and displace communities. Climate change is expected to amplify these risks, bringing longer, hotter summers and greater variability in rainfall.

These environmental stresses are compounded by Iraq’s fragile political system and the legacies of decades of conflict, which have weakened institutions and limited the country’s capacity to respond effectively to climate-related threats. Poor water management, insufficient infrastructure, and governance challenges further exacerbate vulnerabilities, leaving communities exposed to both immediate hazards and long-term degradation of natural resources. While there have been efforts to improve water management and disaster preparedness, sustained adaptation and stronger governance will be essential to protect Iraq’s population and economy from the growing pressures of climate change.